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翻译案例 |
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法律文体篇章翻译例析 |
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法律文体对篇章结构的要求特别高,这就要求译者在翻译时不能仅仅满足于传达信息,而要采取一切可能的词汇、语法、修辞、篇章等手段来再现源语的文体特征。又由于翻译从本质上来说是文化翻译,因此在翻译的过程中要保证文化信息的传达,保证目的语中源语文化没有增加或缺失。我们倡导的法律翻译理论为功能学派的对等理论,认为在法文体的源文本和目的语文本之间必须达到一种对等,一种在法律信息、文化信息和社会功用等层面都处于平衡的对等。当然,这种对等,只能达到一定程度的对等,而非绝对的对等。译者应该使法律篇章的译语{读者能够产生和源语读者相仿的读后效果。而且,这种相仿效果程度越高,说明该翻译越成功。反之亦然。 在关注对等的同时,译者又必须考虑翻译的目的。目的不同,决定了法律翻译的策略、手法、体裁、正规程度等等都不相同。而这些正是目的论(skopostheories)的精髓。目的论关注的是翻译的互动(interactional)及语用(pragmatic)层面,也就是说,翻译过程和翻译目的必须是互动的。翻译过程决定翻译目的,后者也反过来决定前者。同时,翻译行为以实际用途为导向,语言的使用决定翻译本身。下面,我们将结合实例来讨论法律文体篇章的翻译。 Paris Convention for the Protection oflndustrial Property Art:icle5(A. Patents: Importation of Anicles; Failure to Work or Insufficient Working;Cormpul80ry Licenses.B.Industrial Designs: Failure to Work; Importationof Articles. C. Marks: Failure to Use; Different Forms; Used by Co-proprietors.D. Patents, Utility Models, Marks, Industrial Designs: Marking) A. (1) Importation by the patentee into the country where the patent has been granted of articles manufactured in any of the countries of the Union shall not entail forfeiture of the patent. (2) Each country 'of the Union shall have the right to take legislative measures providing for the grant of compulsory licenses to prevent the abuses which might result from the exercise of the exclusive rights conferred by the patent, for example, failure to work. .(3) Forfeiture of the patent shall not be provided for except in cases where the grant of compulsory licenses would not have been sufficient to prevent the said abuses. No proceedings for the forfeiture or revocation of a patent may be instituted before the expiration of two years from the grant of the first compulsory license. (4) A compulsory license may not be applied for on the ground of failure to work or insufficient working before the expiration of a penod of four years from the date of filing of the patent application or three years from the date of the grant of the patent, whichever period expires last; it shall be refused if the patentee justifies his inaction by legitimate reasons. Such a compulsory license shall be non-exclusive and shall not be transferable, even in the form of the grant of a sub license, except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which exploits such license. (5) The foregoing provisions shall be applicable, mutatis mutandis, to utility models. B. The protection ofindustrial designs shall not, under any circumstances, be subject to any forfeiture, either by reason of failure to work or by reason of the importation of articles corresponding to those which are protected. C. (1) If, in any country, use of the registered mark is compulsory, the registration may be cancelled only after a reasonable period, and then only if the person concemed does not justify his inaction. (2) Use ofa trademark by the proprietor in a form differing in elements which do not alter the distinctive character of the mark in the form in which it was registered in one of the countries of the Union shall not entail invalidation of the registration and shall not diminish the protection granted to the mark. (3) Concurrent use of the same mark on identical or similar goods by industrial or commercial establishmerttsconsidered as co-proprietors of the mark according to the provisions of the domestic law of the country whereprotection is claimed shall not prevent registration or diminish in any way the protection granted to the said mark in any country of the Union, provided that such use does not result in misleading the public and is not contrary to the public interest. D. No indication or mention of the patent, of the utility model, of the registraton of the trademark, or of the deposit of the industrial design, shall be required upon the goods as a condition of recognition of the right to protection. 【参考译文】 保护工业产权巴黎公约 第五条 (A.专利:物品的进口;不实施或不充分实施;强制许可。B.工业品外观设计:不实施;物品的进口。C.商标:不使用;不同的形式;有人的使用。D.专利、实用模型、商标、工业品外观设计:标记。) A. (1)专利权人将在本联盟任何国家内制造的物品输入到对该物品授予专利的国家的,不应导致该项专利的取消。 (2)本联盟各国都有权采取立法措施规定授予强制许可,以防止由于行使专利所赋予的专有权而可能产生的滥用,例如:不实施。 (3)除授予的强制许可不足以防止上述滥用外,不应规定专利的取消。自授予第一个强制许可之日起两年届满前不得提出取消或撤销专利的诉讼。 (4)自提出专利申请之日起四年届满以前,或自授予专利之日起三年届满以前,以最后到期的日期为准,不得以不实施或不充分实施为理由申请强制许可;如果专利权人的不作为有正当理由,应拒绝强制许可。这种强制许可为非独占性的,而且除与利用该许可的部分企业或商誉一起转让外,不得转让,包括授予分许可证的形式在内。 (5)上述各项规定准许用于实用模型。 B. 在任何情况下,对外观设计的保护都不得以不实施或以输入物品与受保护的外观设计相同为理由而予以取消。 C. (1)在任何国家,如果注册商标的使用是强制性的,则只有经过适当的时期,而且只有有关人员不为其不使用进行辩护,才可以取消注册。 (2)商标所有人使用的商标,在形式上与其在本联盟任一国家所注册的商标的形式只有细节的不同,而并未改变其显著特征的,不应导致注册无效,也不应降低对商标所给予的保护。 (3)根据本国法律,作为商标共同所有人的工商企业,在相同或类似商品上共同使用同一商标,不应妨碍商标在本联盟任何国家内注册,也不应以任何方式减少对该商标所给予的保护,如果这种使用不会误导公众,并且不违背公共利益。. D. 不应对商品提出表示或载明专利、实用模型、商标注册或外观设计保存,以作为承认取得保护权利的一个条件。 【分析】 首先,翻译一种文体,首要的问题就是翻译它特有的词汇及表达方式。翻译法律文体的首要任务也就是翻译法律文体的术语及专门用语以准确传达文本的意义。上文的实例取之于《保护工业产权巴黎公约>的第五条,是该文件关于该领域的全部条文,所以完全可视作一个完整的法律语篇。该篇章中术语及专门用语很多,英文条款中有patentee,patent,entail, forfeiture, legislative measures, compulsory licenses, abuse, file, patentapplication, grant of the patent, expire, inaction, non-exclusive, transferable,sub-license,mutates mutandis(源于拉丁文,表示“已作必要的修正”)等不容置疑。在翻译实践中,无论英汉还是汉英翻译,这一方面也是对应的。只是汉语缺少词形的变化,所以就无法使用时态手段奏效了。所以,英译汉时,应该运用更多的词汇手段,以弥补此方面的不足。 在法律文体句法翻译层面,我们首先讨论的是长句的翻译。法律文体是非常正规的文体,为了表意完整而不留漏洞,为了法律文体的权威性和庄严性,法律文体中会使用很多的长句,而且从句和修饰成分很多,句子结构完整,大部分是复合句,这一点在上述无论英语还是汉语篇章中都是非常显著的,英语篇章尤其如此。翻译法律文体的长句,首要的是要理清句子的逻辑关系,抓住句子的主干,弄清主次。特别要注意的是,不要机械地转换源语法律文体的句子,要使翻译出来的作品符合目的语的语言习惯及逻辑,“欧化的汉语法律语言”或“汉语化的英语法、律语言”都是不可取的。上述法律条文的第C点3款就是~个很好的例子。 |
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